1971 Census of Scotland, [Scottish 1971 Economic Activity Tables], Table 3 : " Industry and status by area of workplace and sex (10% sample) for Planning sub-regions, cities, counties, large burghs, county remainders, conurbation centre, new towns".

List top level Scotland Dep
Industry Males
[1]
Females
[2]
Married Females
[3]
In employment 1,350,100 Show data context 814,010 Show data context 0 Show data context
    Self-employed 113,660 Show data context 25,310 Show data context 0 Show data context
        Self-employed without employees 54,540 Show data context 13,020 Show data context 0 Show data context
        Self-employed with employees 59,120 Show data context 12,290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    Employees 1,236,440 Show data context 788,700 Show data context 0 Show data context
        Managers 98,380 Show data context 23,530 Show data context 0 Show data context
        [Managers] Large establishments 49,350 Show data context 8,450 Show data context 0 Show data context
[Managers] Small establishments 49,030 Show data context 15,080 Show data context 0 Show data context
Foremen and supervisors 71,360 Show data context 18,850 Show data context 0 Show data context
[Foremen and supervisors] manual 52,640 Show data context 6,160 Show data context 0 Show data context
[Foremen and supervisors] non-manual 18,720 Show data context 12,690 Show data context 0 Show data context
Apprentices, articled clerks and formal trainees 75,650 Show data context 15,580 Show data context 0 Show data context
Professional employees 48,360 Show data context 5,820 Show data context 0 Show data context
Family workers 2,850 Show data context 10,030 Show data context 0 Show data context
Other employees (excluding professional) 939,840 Show data context 714,890 Show data context 0 Show data context
I. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING 76,800 Show data context 11,600 Show data context 0 Show data context
    001 Agriculture and horticulture 63,010 Show data context 11,070 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Farming and stockrearing 57,300 Show data context 9,540 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Agriculture contracting 2,250 Show data context 170 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3. Market gardening, fruit, flower and seed growing 3,460 Show data context 1,360 Show data context 0 Show data context
    002 Forestry 5,770 Show data context 370 Show data context 0 Show data context
    003 Fishing 8,020 Show data context 160 Show data context 0 Show data context
II. MINING AND QUARRYING 35,620 Show data context 1,140 Show data context 0 Show data context
    101 Coal mining 32,610 Show data context 920 Show data context 0 Show data context
    102 Stone and slate quarrying and mining 1,740 Show data context 100 Show data context 0 Show data context
    103 Chalk, clay, sand and gravel extraction 860 Show data context 90 Show data context 0 Show data context
    104 Petroleum and natural gas 130 Show data context 0 Show data context 0 Show data context
    109 Other mining and quarrying 280 Show data context 30 Show data context 0 Show data context
III. FOOD, DRINK AND TOBACCO 59,200 Show data context 40,640 Show data context 0 Show data context
    211 Grain milling 1,390 Show data context 300 Show data context 0 Show data context
    212 Bread and flour confectionery 12,330 Show data context 6,320 Show data context 0 Show data context
    213 Biscuits 2,220 Show data context 4,260 Show data context 0 Show data context
    214 Bacon curing, meat and fish products 8,090 Show data context 8,110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    215 Milk and milk products 2,550 Show data context 1,200 Show data context 0 Show data context
    216 Sugar 820 Show data context 420 Show data context 0 Show data context
    217 Cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery 1,410 Show data context 2,090 Show data context 0 Show data context
    218 Fruit and vegetable products 1,880 Show data context 2,640 Show data context 0 Show data context
    219 Animal and poultry foods 2,320 Show data context 480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    221 Vegetable and animal oils and fats 670 Show data context 160 Show data context 0 Show data context
    229 Food industries not elsewhere specified 1,970 Show data context 1,160 Show data context 0 Show data context
    231 Brewing and malting 6,860 Show data context 1,720 Show data context 0 Show data context
    232 Soft drinks 2,830 Show data context 1,030 Show data context 0 Show data context
    239 Other drink industries 12,540 Show data context 8,920 Show data context 0 Show data context
    240 Tobacco 1,320 Show data context 1,830 Show data context 0 Show data context
IV. COAL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 2,320 Show data context 340 Show data context 0 Show data context
    261 Coke ovens and manufactured fuel 290 Show data context 10 Show data context 0 Show data context
    262 Mineral oil refining 1,890 Show data context 320 Show data context 0 Show data context
    263 Lubricating oils and greases 140 Show data context 10 Show data context 0 Show data context
V. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 22,650 Show data context 7,750 Show data context 0 Show data context
    271 General chemicals 6,630 Show data context 1,070 Show data context 0 Show data context
    272 Pharmaceutical chemicals and preparations 2,040 Show data context 1,210 Show data context 0 Show data context
    273 Toilet preparations 180 Show data context 150 Show data context 0 Show data context
    274 Paint 1,100 Show data context 340 Show data context 0 Show data context
    275 Soap and detergents 350 Show data context 70 Show data context 0 Show data context
    276 Synthetic resins and plastics materials and synthetic rubber 2,770 Show data context 530 Show data context 0 Show data context
    277 Dyestuffs and pigments 2,480 Show data context 390 Show data context 0 Show data context
    278 Fertilizers 1,240 Show data context 260 Show data context 0 Show data context
    279 Other chemical industries 5,860 Show data context 3,730 Show data context 0 Show data context
VI. METAL MANUFACTURE 44,330 Show data context 4,970 Show data context 0 Show data context
    311 Iron and steel (general) 22,470 Show data context 1,600 Show data context 0 Show data context
    312 Steel tubes 7,080 Show data context 740 Show data context 0 Show data context
    313 Iron castings, etc. 9,430 Show data context 1,580 Show data context 0 Show data context
    321 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 3,180 Show data context 520 Show data context 0 Show data context
    322 Copper, brass and other copper alloys 1,830 Show data context 500 Show data context 0 Show data context
    323 Other base metals 340 Show data context 30 Show data context 0 Show data context
VII. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 88,750 Show data context 13,650 Show data context 0 Show data context
    331 Agricultural machinery (except tractors) 4,360 Show data context 390 Show data context 0 Show data context
    332 Metalworking machine tools 3,180 Show data context 470 Show data context 0 Show data context
    333 Pumps, valves and compressors 7,210 Show data context 1,160 Show data context 0 Show data context
    334 Industrial engines 200 Show data context 0 Show data context 0 Show data context
    335 Textile machinery and accessories 1,830 Show data context 540 Show data context 0 Show data context
    336 Construction and earth moving equipment 5,570 Show data context 530 Show data context 0 Show data context
    337 Mechanical handling equipment 4,910 Show data context 370 Show data context 0 Show data context
    338 Office machinery 8,910 Show data context 2,110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    339 Other machinery 20,370 Show data context 4,290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    341 Industrial (including process) plant and steelwork 21,200 Show data context 2,110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    342 Ordnance and small arms 730 Show data context 130 Show data context 0 Show data context
    349 Other mechanical engineering not elsewhere specified 10,280 Show data context 1,550 Show data context 0 Show data context
VIII. INSTRUMENT ENGINEERING 8,910 Show data context 8,980 Show data context 0 Show data context
    351 Photographic and document copying equipment 270 Show data context 230 Show data context 0 Show data context
    352 Watches and clocks 2,780 Show data context 5,050 Show data context 0 Show data context
    353 Surgical instruments and appliances 1,010 Show data context 700 Show data context 0 Show data context
    354 Scientific and industrial instruments and systems 4,850 Show data context 3,000 Show data context 0 Show data context
IX. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 30,260 Show data context 22,320 Show data context 0 Show data context
    361 Electrical machinery 6,910 Show data context 2,180 Show data context 0 Show data context
    362 Insulated wires and cables 990 Show data context 220 Show data context 0 Show data context
    363 Telegraph and telephone apparatus and equipment 1,310 Show data context 2,050 Show data context 0 Show data context
    364 Radio and electronic components 3,930 Show data context 4,260 Show data context 0 Show data context
    365 Broadcast receiving and sound reproducing equipment 550 Show data context 1,780 Show data context 0 Show data context
    366 Electronic computers 5,210 Show data context 2,000 Show data context 0 Show data context
    367 Radio, radar and electronic capital goods 5,250 Show data context 3,440 Show data context 0 Show data context
    368 Electric appliances primarily for domestic use 2,510 Show data context 1,940 Show data context 0 Show data context
    369 Other electrical goods 3,600 Show data context 4,450 Show data context 0 Show data context
X. SHIPBUILDING AND MARINE ENGINEERING 38,540 Show data context 2,090 Show data context 0 Show data context
    370 Shipbuilding and marine engineering 38,540 Show data context 2,090 Show data context 0 Show data context
XI. VEHICLES 33,590 Show data context 3,760 Show data context 0 Show data context
    380 Wheeled tractor manufacturing 190 Show data context 20 Show data context 0 Show data context
    381 Motor vehicle manufacturing 20,410 Show data context 1,910 Show data context 0 Show data context
    382 Motor cycle, tricycle and pedal cycle manufacturing 20 Show data context 20 Show data context 0 Show data context
    383 Aerospace equipment manufacturing and repairing 10,280 Show data context 1,620 Show data context 0 Show data context
    384 Locomotive and railway track equipment 1,920 Show data context 110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    385 Railway carriages and wagons and trams 770 Show data context 80 Show data context 0 Show data context
XII. METAL GOODS NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED 23,000 Show data context 6,650 Show data context 0 Show data context
    390 Engineers' small tools and gauges 2,640 Show data context 560 Show data context 0 Show data context
    391 Hand tools and implements 250 Show data context 40 Show data context 0 Show data context
    392 Cutlery, spoons, forks and plated tableware, etc. 240 Show data context 240 Show data context 0 Show data context
    393 Bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, etc. 1,750 Show data context 1,030 Show data context 0 Show data context
    394 Wire and wire manufactures 3,430 Show data context 870 Show data context 0 Show data context
    395 Cans and metal boxes 660 Show data context 740 Show data context 0 Show data context
    396 Jewellery and precious metals 230 Show data context 160 Show data context 0 Show data context
    399 Metal industries not elsewhere specified 13,800 Show data context 3,010 Show data context 0 Show data context
XIII. TEXTILES 34,000 Show data context 41,640 Show data context 0 Show data context
    411 Production of manmade fibres 1,580 Show data context 150 Show data context 0 Show data context
    412 Spinning and doubling on the cotton and flax systems 2,700 Show data context 3,630 Show data context 0 Show data context
    413 Weaving of cotton, linen and manmade fibres 910 Show data context 1,740 Show data context 0 Show data context
    414 Woollen and worsted 8,420 Show data context 8,240 Show data context 0 Show data context
    415 Jute 5,450 Show data context 4,010 Show data context 0 Show data context
    416 Rope, twine and net 670 Show data context 970 Show data context 0 Show data context
    417 Hosiery and other knitted goods 5,010 Show data context 14,040 Show data context 0 Show data context
    418 Lace 330 Show data context 580 Show data context 0 Show data context
    419 Carpets 4,050 Show data context 3,470 Show data context 0 Show data context
    421 Narrow fabrics 90 Show data context 110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    422 Made up textiles 820 Show data context 1,330 Show data context 0 Show data context
    423 Textile finishing 3,690 Show data context 3,130 Show data context 0 Show data context
    429 Other textile industries 280 Show data context 240 Show data context 0 Show data context
XIV. LEATHER, LEATHER GOODS AND FUR 2,050 Show data context 1,500 Show data context 0 Show data context
    431 Leather (tanning and dressing) and fellmongery 1,600 Show data context 700 Show data context 0 Show data context
    432 Leather goods 280 Show data context 540 Show data context 0 Show data context
    433 Fur 170 Show data context 260 Show data context 0 Show data context
XV. CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR 5,000 Show data context 27,650 Show data context 0 Show data context
    441 Weatherproof outerwear 310 Show data context 1,230 Show data context 0 Show data context
    442 Men's and boys' tailored outerwear 1,650 Show data context 7,140 Show data context 0 Show data context
    443 Women's and girls' tailored outerwear 570 Show data context 5,100 Show data context 0 Show data context
    444 Overalls and men's shirts, underwear, etc. 460 Show data context 3,600 Show data context 0 Show data context
    445 Dresses, lingerie, infants' wear, etc. 600 Show data context 5,440 Show data context 0 Show data context
    446 Hats, caps and millinery 60 Show data context 290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    449 Dress industries not elsewhere specified 860 Show data context 3,890 Show data context 0 Show data context
    450 Footwear 490 Show data context 960 Show data context 0 Show data context
XVI. BRICKS, POTTERY, GLASS, CEMENT, ETC. 19,260 Show data context 2,510 Show data context 0 Show data context
    461 Brick, fireclay and refractory goods 6,160 Show data context 790 Show data context 0 Show data context
    462 Pottery 940 Show data context 190 Show data context 0 Show data context
    463 Glass 2,740 Show data context 570 Show data context 0 Show data context
    464 Cement 690 Show data context 40 Show data context 0 Show data context
    469 Abrasives and building materials, etc. not elsewhere specified 8,730 Show data context 920 Show data context 0 Show data context
XVII. TIMBER, FURNITURE, ETC. 24,390 Show data context 3,650 Show data context 0 Show data context
    471 Timber 8,610 Show data context 820 Show data context 0 Show data context
    472 Furniture and upholstery 4,210 Show data context 940 Show data context 0 Show data context
    473 Bedding, etc. 630 Show data context 470 Show data context 0 Show data context
    474 Shop and office fitting 1,990 Show data context 380 Show data context 0 Show data context
    475 Wooden containers and baskets 2,330 Show data context 460 Show data context 0 Show data context
    479 Miscellaneous wood and cork manufactures 6,620 Show data context 580 Show data context 0 Show data context
XVIII. PAPER, PRINTING AND PUBLISHING 33,650 Show data context 19,710 Show data context 0 Show data context
    481 Paper and board 9,960 Show data context 3,350 Show data context 0 Show data context
    482 Packaging products of paper, board and associated materials 3,090 Show data context 2,570 Show data context 0 Show data context
    483 Manufactured stationery 780 Show data context 1,120 Show data context 0 Show data context
    484 Manufactures of paper and board not elsewhere specified 670 Show data context 710 Show data context 0 Show data context
    485 Printing, publishing of newspapers 8,170 Show data context 2,180 Show data context 0 Show data context
    486 Printing, publishing of periodicals 480 Show data context 310 Show data context 0 Show data context
    489 Other printing, publishing, bookbinding, engraving, etc. 10,500 Show data context 9,470 Show data context 0 Show data context
XIX. OTHER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 11,610 Show data context 4,520 Show data context 0 Show data context
    491 Rubber 5,830 Show data context 1,150 Show data context 0 Show data context
    492 Linoleum, plastics floorcovering, leather, cloth, etc. 2,160 Show data context 580 Show data context 0 Show data context
    493 Brushes and brooms 220 Show data context 20 Show data context 0 Show data context
    494 Toys, games, children's carriages and sports equipment 1,300 Show data context 1,260 Show data context 0 Show data context
    495 Miscellaneous stationers' goods 190 Show data context 150 Show data context 0 Show data context
    496 Plastics products not elsewhere specified 1,370 Show data context 1,040 Show data context 0 Show data context
    499 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 540 Show data context 320 Show data context 0 Show data context
XX. CONSTRUCTION 166,240 Show data context 10,730 Show data context 0 Show data context
    500 Construction 166,240 Show data context 10,730 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXI. GAS, ELECTRICITY AND WATER 24,720 Show data context 5,130 Show data context 0 Show data context
    601 Gas 6,400 Show data context 1,690 Show data context 0 Show data context
    602 Electricity 15,000 Show data context 3,170 Show data context 0 Show data context
    603 Water supply 3,320 Show data context 270 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXII. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 117,680 Show data context 26,570 Show data context 0 Show data context
    701 Railways 21,050 Show data context 1,910 Show data context 0 Show data context
    702 Road passenger transport 23,830 Show data context 7,880 Show data context 0 Show data context
    703 Road haulage contracting for general hire or reward 25,930 Show data context 2,350 Show data context 0 Show data context
    704 Other road haulage 810 Show data context 100 Show data context 0 Show data context
    705 Sea transport 6,000 Show data context 620 Show data context 0 Show data context
    706 Port and inland water transport 6,730 Show data context 460 Show data context 0 Show data context
    707 Air transport 2,710 Show data context 700 Show data context 0 Show data context
    708 Postal services and telecommunications 25,730 Show data context 9,840 Show data context 0 Show data context
    709 Miscellaneous transport services and storage 4,890 Show data context 2,710 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXIII. DISTRIBUTIVE TRADES 121,040 Show data context 156,600 Show data context 0 Show data context
    810 Wholesale distribution of food and drink 13,370 Show data context 6,290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    811 Wholesale distribution of petroleum products 2,580 Show data context 230 Show data context 0 Show data context
    812 Other wholesale distribution 12,140 Show data context 10,370 Show data context 0 Show data context
    820 Retail distribution of food and drink 32,880 Show data context 44,810 Show data context 0 Show data context
    821 Other retail distribution 42,300 Show data context 90,540 Show data context 0 Show data context
    831 Dealing in coal, oil, builders' materials, grain and agricultural supplies 9,280 Show data context 2,170 Show data context 0 Show data context
    832 Dealing in other industrial materials and machinery 8,490 Show data context 2,190 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXIV. INSURANCE, BANKING, FINANCE AND BUSINESS SERVICES 31,530 Show data context 31,050 Show data context 0 Show data context
    860 Insurance 12,530 Show data context 10,110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    861 Banking and billdiscounting 9,760 Show data context 11,200 Show data context 0 Show data context
    862 Other financial institutions 2,830 Show data context 3,190 Show data context 0 Show data context
    863 Property owning and managing, etc. 2,730 Show data context 1,810 Show data context 0 Show data context
    864 Advertising and market research 620 Show data context 810 Show data context 0 Show data context
    865 Other business services 2,640 Show data context 3,490 Show data context 0 Show data context
    866 Central offices not allocable elsewhere 420 Show data context 440 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXV. PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 97,610 Show data context 193,290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    871 Accountancy services 4,550 Show data context 3,350 Show data context 0 Show data context
    872 Educational services 41,820 Show data context 88,280 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Maintained primary and secondary schools 18,980 Show data context 59,350 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Other primary and secondary schools 1,770 Show data context 5,030 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3pt. Universities 9,240 Show data context 7,180 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3pt. Colleges of education 1,330 Show data context 1,990 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3pt. Establishments for further education 5,620 Show data context 4,740 Show data context 0 Show data context
        4. Educational administration 3,500 Show data context 8,510 Show data context 0 Show data context
        5. Educational establishments not elsewhere specified 1,380 Show data context 1,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    873 Legal services 4,520 Show data context 8,290 Show data context 0 Show data context
    874 Medical and dental services 26,470 Show data context 86,280 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Hospital and consultant services 20,160 Show data context 71,310 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Local authority health services 1,580 Show data context 7,520 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3. General medical services 2,610 Show data context 4,120 Show data context 0 Show data context
        4. Dental services 1,500 Show data context 1,930 Show data context 0 Show data context
        5. Other medical services 620 Show data context 1,400 Show data context 0 Show data context
    875 Religious organisations 4,710 Show data context 1,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    876 Research and development services 5,190 Show data context 1,570 Show data context 0 Show data context
    879 Other professional and scientific services 10,350 Show data context 4,040 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Architects, surveyors and consulting engineers 7,290 Show data context 2,090 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Other scientific and technical services 1,800 Show data context 710 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3. Professional and scientific organisations 90 Show data context 370 Show data context 0 Show data context
        4. Veterinary surgery 400 Show data context 370 Show data context 0 Show data context
        5. Other professional services 770 Show data context 500 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXVI. MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES 87,390 Show data context 122,770 Show data context 0 Show data context
    881 Cinemas, theatres, radio, etc. 3,500 Show data context 3,140 Show data context 0 Show data context
    882 Sport and other recreations 3,920 Show data context 2,270 Show data context 0 Show data context
    883 Betting and gambling 2,730 Show data context 3,840 Show data context 0 Show data context
    884 Hotels and other residential establishments 11,640 Show data context 22,010 Show data context 0 Show data context
    885 Restaurants, cafes, snack bars 5,180 Show data context 11,830 Show data context 0 Show data context
    886 Public houses 5,590 Show data context 7,650 Show data context 0 Show data context
    887 Clubs 1,470 Show data context 2,860 Show data context 0 Show data context
    888 Catering contractors 500 Show data context 2,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    889 Hairdressing and manicure 2,760 Show data context 10,110 Show data context 0 Show data context
    891 Private domestic service 2,990 Show data context 19,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    892 Laundries 1,700 Show data context 4,180 Show data context 0 Show data context
    893 Dry cleaning, job dyeing, carpet beating, etc. 470 Show data context 2,190 Show data context 0 Show data context
    894 Motor repairers, distributors, garages and filling stations 33,020 Show data context 9,070 Show data context 0 Show data context
    895 Repair of boots and shoes 740 Show data context 200 Show data context 0 Show data context
    899 Other services 11,180 Show data context 21,460 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Funeral services 970 Show data context 290 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Photography 1,090 Show data context 940 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3. Welfare and charitable services 2,540 Show data context 16,550 Show data context 0 Show data context
        4. Community service not elsewhere specified 630 Show data context 630 Show data context 0 Show data context
        5. Service of Commonwealth and foreign governments 1,820 Show data context 190 Show data context 0 Show data context
        6. Trade associations 880 Show data context 1,250 Show data context 0 Show data context
        7. Other services 3,250 Show data context 1,610 Show data context 0 Show data context
XXVII. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE 106,100 Show data context 37,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
    901 National government service 51,590 Show data context 19,480 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1-4. Armed forces 19,270 Show data context 730 Show data context 0 Show data context
        5. Defence departments (civilian staffs) 12,090 Show data context 3,160 Show data context 0 Show data context
        6. Other national government service 20,230 Show data context 15,590 Show data context 0 Show data context
    906 Local government service 54,510 Show data context 18,000 Show data context 0 Show data context
        1. Police 11,150 Show data context 1,960 Show data context 0 Show data context
        2. Fire service 2,780 Show data context 330 Show data context 0 Show data context
        3. Other local government service 40,580 Show data context 15,710 Show data context 0 Show data context
Industry inadequately described 3,310 Show data context 5,280 Show data context 0 Show data context
Workplace outside United Kingdom 550 Show data context 40 Show data context 0 Show data context

Comments:

1 All data values have been multiplied by ten, as the original data are from a 10 per cent sample.

Click on the triangles for all about a particular number.

This website does not try to provide an exact replica of the original printed census tables, which often had thousands of rows and far more columns than will fit on our web pages. Instead, we let you drill down from national totals to the most detailed data available. The column headings are those that appeared in the original printed report. The numbers presented here, which are the same ones we use to create statistical maps and graphs, come from the census table and have usually been carefully checked.

The system can only hold statistics for units listed in our administrative gazetteer, so some rows from the original table may be missing. Sometimes big low-level units, like urban parishes, were divided between more than one higher-level units, like Registration sub-Districts. This is why some pages will give a higher figure for a lower-level unit: it covers the whole of the lower-level unit, not just the part within the current higher-level unit.