The United Kingdom

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XI.—THE UNITED KINGDOM.

1. Population and Rates of Increase.

Although our responsibility for the enumeration of the people in England and Wales in 1901, the tabulation of the results, and the presentation of our Report thereon now draws to a close, it will probably be opportune and convenient to collate the main facts and give a short summary of the Census of the whole of the United Kingdom.

Census Acts

The Census (Great Britain) Act 1900 applied equally to England and Wales and to Scotland; it gave power to procure particulars relating to houses, and to the Sex, Age Condition as to Marriage, Occupation, Birthplace, Nationality of persons born in Foreign Countries, and certain Infirmities of the population; also the numbers of the Welsh-speaking: population in Wales and in Monmouthshire, the Gaelic-speaking population in Scotland and with respect to each house in Scotland the number of rooms having windows.

The provisions of the Census (Ireland) Act 1900 were similar to those of the Act for the other parts of the United Kingdom, but in addition gave power to obtain particulars relating to Religious Profession, Education, Schools, Agricultural Holdings, the Irish-speaking Population, and the temporarily Sick.

Population of the United Kingdom, 1821-1901

The first complete Census of the population of the United Kingdom was taken in 1821, and the following Table shows that there has been considerable variation in the intercensal rate of increase of population during the past 80 years:—

YEAR. ENUMERATED POPULATION. * Increase or decrease per cent. in
each Intercensal Period.
United
Kingdom.
England
and
Wales.
Scotland. Ireland. United
Kingdom.
England
and
Wales.
Scotland. Ireland.
1821 20,893,584 12,000,236 2,091,521 6,801,827          
} 15.0 15.8 13.0 14.2
1831 24,028,584 13,896,797 2,364,386 7,767,401
} 11.2 14.3 10.8 5.2
1841 26,709,456 15,914,148 2,620,184 8,175,124
} 2.5 12.7 10.2 -19.8
1851 27,368,736 17,927,609 2,888,742 6,552,385
} 5.7 11.9 6.0 -11.5
1861 28,927,485 20,066,224 3,062,294 5,798,967
} 8.8 13.2 9.7 -6.7
1871 31,484,661 22,712,266 3,360,018 5,412,377
} 10.8 14.4 11.2 -4.4
1881 34,884,848 25,974,439 3,735,573 5,174,836
} 8.2 11.7 7.8 -9.1
1891 37,732,922 29,002,525 4,025,647 4,704,750
} 9.9 12.2 11.1 -5.2
1901 41,458,721 32,527,843 4,472,103 4,458,775
         
* The rates in the above Table are rates of increase, except those marked —, which are rates of decrease.
See note ‡, Table 3, in Appendix A to this Report.

It will be observed that, while the population of England and Wales, and of Scotland, has shown a continuous increase during the past 80 years, that of Ireland, which had risen to over eight millions in 1841, has since that date shown a continuous decrease. It is mainly, though not entirely, due to this decline in the population of Ireland that the rate of increase in the population of the United Kingdom has shown such considerable variations.

The remarkable fall in the rate of increase of population in the United Kingdom, viz., from 11.2 per cent. in 1831-41 to 2.5 per cent. in 1841-51, was almost entirely accounted for by the loss of over one and a half millions of the population of Ireland in the latter decennium. The loss of population was mainly due to the failure of the potato crops in Ireland in 1846, followed by the terrible famine in 1847, which caused many to perish from want, and further resulted in a great increase in emigration from that part of the United Kingdom. The gradual rise in the rate of increase in the population of the United Kingdom in the three following decennia 1851-61, 1861-71, and 1871-81 was to a large extent due to the fact that the decrease in the population of Ireland, which in 1841-51 was at the rate of 19.8 per cent., had become less and less in each succeeding decennium, until it fell to 4.4 per cent. in 1871-81. In the next decennium, however, the proportionate decrease in the population of Ireland rose to 9.1 per cent., and the rates of increase in England and Wales and in Scotland fell to 11.7 and 7.8 per cent. respectively, these retrogressions causing the increase of population in the United Kingdom to fall to 8.2 per cent. in the period 1881-91.

The number of persons enumerated in the United Kingdom as living at midnight on Sunday, March 31st, 1901, was 41,458,721, showing an increase of 3,725,799, or of 9.9 per cent., upon the number returned at the preceding enumeration in 1891, against 8.2 per cent., as already stated, in the previous intercensal period.

Each division of the United Kingdom contributed to bring about this advance in the rate of increase, for both in England and Wales, and in Scotland, the rate of increase in 1891-1901 was greater than it had been in 1881-91, while the decrease in the population of Ireland fell from 9.1 per cent. in 1881-91 to 5.2 per cent. in 1891-1901.

Proportions of English and Welsh, Scotch and Irish

The population of the United Kingdom in 1821 was nearly 21 millions; and of this aggregate number 57.44 per cent. were living in England and Wales, 10.01 per cent. in Scotland, and 32.55 per cent. in Ireland. At each successive Census since that date, the proportion residing in England and Wales has increased, the proportion in Ireland has decreased, and the proportion in Scotland has remained practically unchanged (see. Table 48 in Appendix A to this Report); the result of these successive changes being that, of the 41,458,721 persons enumerated in the United Kingdom in 1901, the proportion living in England and Wales had risen to 78.46 per cent., and that in Scotland to 10.79 per cent., while the proportion in Ireland had fallen to 10.75 per cent.

It is remarkable that the population of Scotland, as enumerated at the last Census, slightly exceeded that of Ireland, whereas in the years 1821, 1831, and 1841, the population of Ireland was over three times as great as that of Scotland.

Natural and actual increase of the population

As stated in the earlier part of this Report, dealing with the population of England and Wales (paragraph 6, page 15), the increase or decrease of population is governed by two factors the balance between Births and Deaths and (2) the balance "between Immigration and Emigration. The relative results of these two factors upon the numbers of the population of the United Kingdom in the 10 years 1891-1901 were as follows:—

Population of the United Kingdom in 1891   37,732,922
Intercensal births 11,490,400  
Intercensal deaths 7,178,780  
Increase by balance between births and deaths   4,311,620
    42,044,542
Recorded intercensal emigration to non-European countries 1,762,734  
Recorded intercensal immigration from non-European countries 1,028,017  
Decrease by balance of recorded migration between the United Kingdom and non-European countries 734,717
    41,309,825
Increase by balance of non-recorded migration   148,896
Population of United Kingdom in 1901   41,458,721

The Board of Trade Returns of Immigration and Emigration are unfortunately incomplete; and we have no means of giving even approximate estimates of the numbers of unrecorded immigrants and unrecorded emigrants. But, if we assume that the registration of births and deaths is practically complete, and the Census enumeration of the population accurate, it will follow that the balance of unrecorded migration was equivalent to a gain of nearly 150,000 persons during the last intercensal period.

2. Sexes, Ages, and Condition as to Marriage.

Proportion between the Sexes

Of the 41,458,721 persons who were enumerated in the United Kingdom, 20,102,408 were males and 21,356,313 were females. The females therefore exceeded the males by 1,253,905 and averaged 1,062 to every 1,001) males. There were, however, considerable differences in this respect between the three divisions of the United Kingdom; the proportion of females to 1,000 males being 1,068 in England and Wales, 1,057 in Scotland, and as low as 1,027 in Ireland.

If, however, the natives of the United Kingdom who were, at the date of the Census, serving in the Army, Navy and Merchant Service abroad, be taken into account, the numerical excess of females in the United Kingdom will be reduced from 1,253,905 to £86,169 and the proportion of females to 1,000 males from 1.062 to 1,043.

Ages of the Population

The population at the various groups of ages enumerated in the United Kingdom in 1901, together with the proportions to a million persons at all ages, were as follows:—

AGES. UNITED KINGDOM.
Numbers. Proportion in a million persons
at all ages.
Persons. Males. Females. Persons. Males. Females.
All Ages 41,458,721 20,102,408 21,356,313 1,000,000 484,878 515,122
             
Under 5 years 4,692,453 2,348,553 2,343,900 113,184 56,648 56,536
5— 4,430,918 2,216,735 2,214,183 106,876 53,468 53,408
10— 4,270,672 2,143,490 2,127,182 103,010 51,702 51,308
15— 4,174,965 2,072,875 2,102,090 100,702 49,999 50,703
20— 3,998,414 1,900,333 2,098,081 96,443 45,837 50,606
25— 6,606,655 3,139,111 3,467,544 159,356 75,717 83,639
35— 5,002,109 2,417,081 2,585,028 120,653 58,301 62,352
45— 3,700,991 1,774,842 1,926,149 89,269 42,810 46,459
55— 2,562,828 1,198,309 1,364,519 61,816 28,903 32,913
65— 1,417,866 637,459 780,407 34,199 15,376 18,823
75— 528,201 225,330 302,871 12,740 5,435 7,305
85 and upwards 72,649 28,290 44,359 1,752 682 1,070

Changes in the age distribution of the population

The age-distribution of the population at the Census of 1891 showed some variation from that prevailing at any previous Census, and this tendency became further marked at the Census of 1901; the most notable feature of these changes being the decline in the proportion borne by the children under 10 years of age to the total population and the consequent counterbalancing increase at the later ages. The proportion of children under 10 years of age, in the population of the United Kingdom, which had been 25.3 per cent. in 1881, declined to 23.6 per cent. in 1891, and further fell to 22.0 per cent. in 1901. This decline was mainly due to the fall in the birth-rate during the two decennial periods 1881-1890 and 1891-1900. The births registered in the United Kingdom in the last decennium were equal to an annual rate of only 29.1 per 1000 persons living, while the annual rates in the two previous decennia had been 34.0 and 31.2 per 1000 respectively.

The age constitution of the population in 1901 in England and Wales, in Scotland and in Ireland, showed marked variations. For purposes of comparison a Table is subjoined giving the proportions, per million persons at all ages, of the population in the three divisions of the United Kingdom.

AGES. Males and Females at Twelve Groups of Ages in a Million Persons at all ages—1901.
England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland.
Persons. Males. Females. Persons. Males. Females. Persons. Males. Females.
All Ages 1,000,000 483,543 516,457 1,000,000 486,070 513,930 1,000,000 493,418 506,582
                   
Under 5 years 114,262 57,039 57,223 119,191 60,008 59,183 99,290 50,424 48,866
5— 107,209 53,462 53,747 110,182 55,748 54,434 101,122 51,232 49,890
10— 102,735 51,370 51,365 104,944 53,283 51,661 103,080 52,533 50,547
15— 99,796 49,420 50,376 101,973 51,509 50,464 106,035 52,705 53,330
20— 95,946 45,273 50,673 96,887 47,045 49,842 99,625 48,735 50,890
25— 161,579 76,425 85,154 155,225 74,298 80,927 147,267 71,968 75,299
35— 122,849 59,394 63,455 117,021 56,202 60,819 108,275 52,435 55,840
45— 89,222 42,924 46,298 86,166 41,180 44,986 92,730 43,616 49,114
55— 59,741 27,913 31,828 60,010 27,095 32,915 78,768 37,946 40,822
65— 33,080 14,691 18,389 33,747 14,152 19,595 42,823 21,598 21,225
75— 12,090 5,080 7,010 12,777 4,925 7,852 17,452 8,539 8,913
85 and upwards 1,491 552 939 1,877 625 1,252 3,533 1,687 1,846

Different Age-distribution of males and females

The proportion of the male children under 10 years of age to the total male population was 22.9 per cent. in England and "Wales, 23.8 per cent. in Scotland, and as low as 20.6 per cent. in Ireland; in each division of the Kingdom the proportion had declined since the previous Census. At ages 15-45, the proportion of males to the total male population was 47.7 percent. in England and Wales, 47.1 per cent. in Scotland, and only 45.8 per cent. in Ireland, all these proportions being higher than those prevailing at the previous Census. The proportion of males aged 65 years and upwards to the total male population was 4.2 per cent. in England and Wales, and 4.1 per cent. in Scotland, while in Ireland the proportion was as high as 6.4 per cent., these proportions varying but slightly from those ruling at the Census of 1891.

Among the females, the proportion of children under 10 years of age was 21.5 per cent. in England and Wales, and. 22.1 per cent. in Scotland, while it was only 19.5 per cent. in Ireland; these proportions of children in the female population were, like those of children in the male population, lower than the proportions at the Census of 1891. The proportion of women at ages 15-45, which group fairly approximates to the reproductive age period, was 48.3 per cent. in England and Wales, 47.1 per cent. in Scotland, and 46.5 per cent. in Ireland, these proportions being higher than those prevailing at the previous Census. The proportion of females aged 65 years and upwards to the total female population was 5.1 per cent. in England and Wales, 5.6 per cent. in Scotland and as high as 6.5 per cent. in Ireland; as in the case of old men, the proportions of old women were almost identical with those of the previous Census in each division of the Kingdom.

Effect of Emigration on Age-distribution of Irish population

The low proportion of children and the high proportion of old people enumerated in Ireland, is mainly accounted for by the amount of emigration from that division of the United Kingdom. During the 50 years from 1st May, 1851, to 31st March, 1901, 3,846,393 Irish persons left the country with the intention of permanently settling elsewhere. In the 10 calendar years 1891-1900 the number amounted to 433,526, of whom 24,786, or 5.7 per cent., were returned as under 10 years of age, 392,460, or 90.6 per cent., as between 10 and 45 years, and 16,220, or 3.7 per cent., as 45 years and upwards; in addition, there were 60 persons whose ages were unspecified.1 It is without doubt mainly due to this exodus that the age constitution of the population of Ireland varies so remarkably from that obtaining in England and Wales, and in Scotland.

Condition as to Marriage or Civil Condition

Of the 20,102,408 males enumerated in 1901 in the United Kingdom, 12,524,053, or 62.3 per cent., were bachelors; 6,867,250, or 34.2 per cent., were husbands; and 711,105, or 3.5 per cent., were widowers. Of the 21,356,313 females, 12,724,647, or 59.6 per cent., were spinsters; 6,998,823, or 32.8 per cent., were wives; and 1,632,843, or 7.6 per cent., were widows. The proportions of married men and women differed widely in the three divisions of the United Kingdom. In order to give a comparative view of the civil condition of the population in England and Wales, in Scotland and in Ireland, the following Table has been constructed showing for males and females the proportion per cent. of the unmarried, the married and the widowed, in 1891 and 1901, at all ages, and at ages 20 years and upwards.

Condition as
to Marriage.
MALES. FEMALES.
To 100 at all
Ages.
To 100 at Twenty
Years and Upwards.
To 100 at all
Ages.
To 100 at Twenty
Years and Upwards.
1891. 1901. 1891. 1901. 1891. 1901. 1891. 1901.

UNITED KINGDOM.
Unmarried 63.4 62.3 31.6 33.1 60.5 59.6 29.9 31.6
Married 33.1 34.2 61.9 60.6 31.7 32.8 56.1 55.4
Widowed 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.3 7.8 7.6 14.0 13.0

ENGLAND AND WALES.
Unmarried 62.0 60.8 29.1 30.5 59.6 58.6 28.1 29.8
Married 34.5 35.7 64.4 63.3 32.9 34.0 58.5 57.6
Widowed 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.2 7.5 7.4 13.4 12.6

SCOTLAND.
Unmarried 66.3 65.5 35.1 36.9 63.1 62.4 34.5 35.4
Married 30.4 31.2 58.5 57.0 29.0 30.0 51.5 51.4
Widowed 3.3 3.3 6.4 6.1 7.9 7.6 14.0 13.2

IRELAND.
Unmarried 69.6 69.7 44.3 47.8 64.1 64.5 37.1 40.9
Married 26.5 26.3 48.5 45.3 26.2 26.2 45.8 43.5
Widowed 3.9 4.0 7.2 6.9 9.7 9.3 17.1 15.6

The proportions of the married to the population at all ages are now higher in England and Wales, and in Scotland, than they were in 1891, while in Ireland the proportions may be said to be stationary. If, however, we examine the proportions of the married to the population at ages 20 years and upwards, and thereby leave out of consideration the children in the population, we find that, with the exception of females in Scotland the decrease of whom is very slight, they are distinctly lower than they were ten years ago in all three divisions of the United Kingdom, among both males and females; further, the decrease is found to be greater if, instead of comparing the proportions of the married at the last two Censuses, we compare the proportions of the married and widowed taken together.

3. Occupations.

Occupations of the people in the United Kingdom and in its three divisions

In Appendix A to this Report a Table (No. 35) is given showing the Occupations of the Inhabitants of the United Kingdom and its three Divisions for the years 1881, 1891 and 1901, and the proportions of the population aged 10 years and upwards engaged in such Occupations.

As explained in the note to that Table, the classification of the Occupations of the People, which was almost identical throughout the United Kingdom in 1881, was modified in England and Wales and in Scotland in 1891, and considerably altered in 1901; while in Ireland the classification adopted in 1881 was, with some few exceptions, adhered to in 1891 and in 1901.

In attempting therefore to combine the Occupational Tables for the three Countries into an aggregate for the United Kingdom, and also to give comparative figures for the two previous Censuses, considerable difficulties naturally arose owing to the diversities of classification. But by confining the scope of the Table to Orders or large groups of Occupations and.making transferences when necessary from one occupational group to another, most of these difficulties have been surmounted. It should also be stated that, in 1901, the English and Scotch Censuses took account only of the Occupations of those who were 10 years of age and upwards, the first age-period being 10-14 years; while in Ireland persons of all ages were included in the Occupational Tables. As, however, there were fewer than 32,000 persons under 15 years of age returned as occupied in that Country in 1901, and as the great majority of these were over 10 years of age, this difference in the first age group may for all practical purposes be disregarded.

The Occupations of the people in England and Wales have already been exhaustively dealt with, so we propose to give in this place only a broad survey of the Occupations of the people in the United Kingdom, dealing with the males and females separately and confining our comparisons to the most important industries.

Proportion of Males and Females engaged in Occupations

The proportions of Males and Females aged 10 years and upwards classed as engaged in Occupations in the United Kingdom and its three divisions in 1881, in 1891, and in 1901, were as follows:—

PROPORTIONS PER CENT. OF MALES AND FEMALES ENGAGED IN OCCUPATIONS,
1881, 1891 AND 1901.

Year. United Kingdom. England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland.
Males. Females. Males. Females.* Males. Females. Males. Females.
1881 82.7 33.5 83.3 34.1 83.2 33.1 79.1 31.0
1891 82.7 34.0 83.1 34.4 83.2 34.0 79.8 31.1
1901 83.4 31.6 83.7 31.6 84.0 33.0 80.3 30.1

The proportion of Occupied Males in the population has slightly increased during the last decennium in each division of the United Kingdom, while the proportion of Occupied Females, which showed but a moderate decline in Scotland and Ireland, has declined more considerably in England and Wales.2

The following Table has been constructed to show the principal Occupations or groups of Occupations in which over 100,000 of the male inhabitants and 100,000 of the female inhabitants of the United Kingdom were engaged at the last Census, together with comparative figures for the Censuses of 1881 and 1891. In selecting the Occupational headings or groups for comparison, care has been taken generally to omit Occupations the figures for which are directly liable to errors from alterations of classification, and these groups should be regarded as of individual interest rather than as a complete classification.

Order. Sub-
Order.
Occupations, or Groups of Occupations. United Kingdom.
1881. 1891. 1901. Increase
+
or
Decrease
-
per cent.
1881-1891.
Increase
+
or
Decrease
-
per cent.
1891-1901.
   
MALES.
         
I. 1, 2 General or Local Government of the Country 135,734 172,989 221,149 27.4 27.8
               
V. 2 Commercial Clerks 212,067 277,565 365,352 30.9 31.6
               
VI. 1 On Railways (excluding Platelayers, Gangers, Packers, and Railway Labourers) 165,507 221,647 320,514 33.9 44.6
               
VI. 2 On Roads 341,373 434,307 595,327 27.2 37.1
      Coachmen, Grooms, Cabmen, Omnibus and Tramway Service 168,490 206,365 229,380 22.5 11.2
      Carmen, Carriers, Carters, Waggoners (not Farm) 156,445 203,131 325,030 29.8 60.0
      Others 16,438 24,811 40,917 50.9 64.9
               
VI. 3, 4 On Seas, Rivers, and Canals; in Docks, Harbours, &c. 222,644 251,559 277,850 13.0 10.5
      On Seas, Rivers and Canals 171,995 175,577 162,223 2.1 -7.6
      In Docks, Harbours, &c. 50,649 75,982 115,627 50.0 52.2
               
VI. 5 Messengers, Porters, Watchmen (not Railway or Government) 151,629 204,088 211,330 34.6 3.5
               
VII. 1 Engaged in Agriculture 2,362,331 2,249,756 2,109,812 -4.8 -6.2
      Farmers Graziers 633,787 597,878 577,177 -5.7 -3.5
      Farmers Graziers'—Sons or other Male Relatives assisting in the work of the Farm (so returned) 280,964 297,099 320,976 5.7 8.0
      Agricultural Labourers, Farm Servants 1,192,725 1,072,059 869,728 -10.1 -18.9
      Gardeners, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Florists 168,846 199,014 239,689 17.9 20.4
      Others (including Shepherds, Farm Bailiffs, &c.) 86,009 83,706 102,242 -2.7 22.1
               
IX. 1, 2 In and About and Dealing in the Products of Mines and Quarries 610,342 753,534 937,482 23.5 24.4
      Coal and Shale Mine-Workers 434,372 595,739 748,774 37.1 25.7
      Workers in other Mines (including Tin, Lead, Ironstone, &c.) 66,471 41,616 34,226 -37.4 -17.8
      Stone, Slate-Quarries, Cutters, Dressers 67,272 64,137 90,789 -4.7 41.6
      Others 42,227 52,042 63,693 23.2 22.4
               
X. 1-7 Metals, Machines, Implements (excluding Lock, Key, and Gas Fittings Makers). 775,342 887,371 1,118,747 14.4 26.1
               
X. 8 Ships and Boats 75,222 97,064 127,283 29.0 31.1
               
XII. 1 House Building, &c. (including Lock, Key, and Gas Fitting Makers). 831,394 833,733 1,130,425 0.3 35.6
      Carpenters, Joiners 295,734 275,714 338,179 -6.8 22.7
      Bricklayers, Bricklayers' Labourers; Masons, Masons' Labourers 266,080 251,043 359,914 -5.7 43.4
      Painters, Plasterers, Paperhangers, Decorators, Glaziers 155,237 175,381 236,850 13.0 35.0
      Others 114,343 131,595 195,482 15.1 48.5
               
XIII. 1, 2 Wood, Furniture, Fittings, and Decorations 196,560 217,076 276,591 10.4 27.4
               
XIV. 1 Brick, Cement, Pottery, and Glass 112,144 119,764 152,795 6.8 27.6
               
XVII. 1, 2 Paper, Prints, Books, and Stationery 140,377 185,653 219,621 32.3 18.4
               
XVIII. 1-7 Textile Fabrics 602,553 640,332 594,742 6.3 -7.1
               
XIX. 1 Workers and Dealers in Dress 435,685 473,189 492,149 8.6 4.0
               
XX. 1 Workers and Dealers in Food 472,182 573,812 670,384 21.5 16.8
               
XX. 3, 4 Makers of Spirituous Drinks; Inn, Hotel-keepers, Publicans, &c., Wine and Spirit-Merchants, Agents. 131,926 130,306 146,078 -1.2 12.1
   
FEMALES.
         
               
III. 4 Schoolmistresses, Teachers, Professors, Lecturers 146,014 170,377 201,716 16.7 18.4
               
IV. 1 Domestic Indoor Service* 1,595,678 1,748,954 1,641,154 9.6 -6.2
               
IV. 3 { Charwomen 99,528 116,133 126,696 16.7 9.1
Laundry and Washing Service 201,752 210,793 226,690 4.5 7.5
               
XVIII. 1-7 Textile Fabrics 828,232 879,529 867,259 6.2 -1.4
               
XIX. 1 } Workers and Dealers in Dress (including Machinists, Machine Workers, undefined) 792,712 881,647 903,646 11.2 2.5
XXII. 4
               
XX. 1 Workers and Dealers in Food 100,414 155,517 195,393 54.9 25.6
* See note *, page 180.

Occupations of Males.

Agricultural Class

Judged by the numbers engaged therein, the Agricultural Industry is the most important in the United Kingdom. In. 1881 there were enumerated under the various headings that are placed together to form the Agricultural Class 2,362,331 males; in 3891 the number had fallen to 2,249,756, the decrease being 4.8 per cent., and in 1901 it had further fallen to 2,109,812, showing a decrease of 6.2 per cent. The proportion borne by males engaged in Agriculture to the total male population of the United Kingdom aged 10 years and upwards, which had been 188 per 1,000 in 1881, fell to 162 per 1,000 in 1891 and further fell to 136 per 1,000 in 1901.

Turning to the three divisions of the United Kingdom, we find that, in proportion to the population, aged ten years and.upwards, the number of males engaged in Agriculture in England and Wales, which had been 138 per 1,000 in 1881, fell to 117 in 1891, and further fell to 96 in 1901. In Scotland a serious decline was also noted, the proportions at the three Censuses being 144, 127 and 107, respectively. In Ireland, however where over two-fifths of the male population, aged ten years and upwards are Agriculturists, the proportional decline was far less than in the other divisions of the Kingdom, the rates per 1,000 being 460 in 1881, 457 in 1891, and 443 in 1901. Certain changes in the classification of persons engaged in Agriculture have taken place at the past three Censuses, but are not sufficient to seriously affect, for comparative purposes, the aggregate numbers. The decline in the numbers engaged in this industry in the United Kingdom, which amounted to over a quarter of a million of men in the 20 years 1881-1901, indicates, as far as numbers employed are concerned, continuous Agricultural depression.

Building Trades

The next group, in order of numerical importance, is that of persons engaged in the building trades: it includes bricklayers and their labourers, masons and their labourers, carpenters and joiners, painters, plasterers, paperhangers, decorators plumbers, glaziers, &c; in 1881 there were enumerated under these several headings 831,394 males; this number had increased to 833,738 in 1891, or by 0.3 per cent.; in 1901 it had further increased to 1,130,425, or by as much as 35.6 per cent. in the last decennium. The proportion borne by the number engaged in the building trades to the total male population of the United Kingdom aged 10 years and upwards was 6.6 per cent in 1881, 6.0 per cent. in 1891, and 7.3 per cent. in 1901.

In England and Wales the number employed in these trades increased in the past decennium by 253,254 or 36.2 per cent., in Scotland by 36,931 or 42.4 per cent. and in Ireland by 6,507 or 13.6 per cent.

Closely allied with the building trades are the industries that supply building materials—the makers of, and dealers in, Brick, Cement, Pottery and Glass. The number engaged in these trades increased from 112,144 in 1881 to 119,764 in 1891, or by 6.8 per cent., and further rose to 152,795 in 1901, an increase of 27.6 per cent. in the past decennium. Nearly all this increase occurred in England and Wales where these industries are principally located.

Metal Trades

The workers in Metals, Machines and Implements, comprising those engaged in the manufacture of Iron and Steel and other Metals, those engaged in Engineering and Machine making, the makers of Tools and others engaged in the miscellaneous Metal Trades, increased from 775,342 in 1881 to 887,371 in 1891, or by 14.4 per cent.; the number further rose to 1,118,747 in 1901, having increased in the last decennium by 26.1 per cent. The proportion borne by the numbers engaged in these occupations to the total male population aged 10 years and upwards in the United Kingdom was 6.2 per cent. in 1881, 6.4 per cent in 1891, and 7.2 per cent in 1901. The increase in the past decennium in the number engaged in these trades was 196,547 or 26.6 per cent. in England and Wales; 34,349 or 28.4 per cent in Scotland, and 480 or 1.7 per cent. in Ireland. It is satisfactory to note that the number of the workers engaged in those industries which may be fairly said to represent the Iron and Steel trades increased during the decennium 1891-1901 by 35,953 or 9.8 per cent. in England and Wales; and by 13,265 or 20.5 per cent. in Scotland.

Mining Industries

There were engaged in the Mining Industries, including all those working in and about, or dealing in the products of Mines and Quarries, 610,342 males in 1881; the number rose to 753,534 in 1891, increasing by 23.5 per cent., and to 937,482 in 1901, increasing by 24.4 per cent. The proportion borne by the number engaged in the Mining industries to the total male population in the United Kingdom, aged 10 years and upwards was 4.9 per cent. in 1881, 5.4 per cent. in 1891, and 6.0 per cent in 1901. In England and Wales the number engaged in these industries increased during the decennium 1891-1901 by 153,138 or 23.7 per cent., and in Scotland by 30,064 or 29.8 per cent., while in Ireland a moderate increase of 746 was recorded. Turning to the principal sub-heading in this class, the increase in the number of Coal and Shale miners in the United Kingdom amounted in the past decennium to 153,035, or 25.7 per cent. In England and Wales the increase was 127,146 or 24.7 per cent. in Scotland 25,780 or 31.8 per cent and in Ireland the small increase of 109 is noted.

Purveyors of Food

Food purveyors, including both Makers and Dealers, form a very large class comprising those who supply Meat, Bread, Milk, Groceries, Vegetables, &c They increased from 472,182 in 1881 to 573,812 in 1891, or by 21.5 per cent., the number further rose to 670,384 in 1901, the increase in the past decennium being 16.8 per cent. The proportion borne by this class to the total male population aged 10 years and upwards in the United Kingdom was 3.8 per cent. in 1881, 41 per cent. in 1891, and 4.3 per cent. in 1901. In England and Wales the number employed in these trades increased in the decennium 1891-1901 by 86,320 or 18.5 per cent., in Scotland the increase was 11,071 or 16.9 per cent., while in Ireland a slight decrease was recorded.

Transport of Passengers and Goods

Passing on to the persons engaged in the transport of passengers or goods, whether by road, rail, or water, we find that the number of males engaged on Road traffic, which includes Coachmen, Cabmen, Grooms, &c.; Carmen, Carriers, Carters and Waggoners, and also those engaged in Omnibus and Tramway Service, increased from 341,373 in 1881 to 434,307 in 1891 or by 27.2 per cent; the number further advanced to 595,327 in 1901, the increase in the past 10 years being 37.1 per cent. This large increase was mostly under the heading of Carmen, Carriers, Carters and Waggoners. The proportion borne by theme engaged in road traffic to the total male population aged 10 years and upwards in the United Kingdom was 2.7 per cent. in 1881, 3.1 per cent. in 1891, and 3.8 per cent. in 1901.

The workers on Railways, comprising Officials and Clerks, Engine Drivers and Stokers, Guards, Signalmen, Pointsmen, Porters and Servants, but excluding Platelayers, Gangers and Railway Labourers, increased from 165,507 in 1881 to 221,647 in 1891 or by 33.9 per cent; the number further increased to 320,514 in 1901 or by 44.6 per cent. The proportion borne by Railway workers to the total male population aged 10 years and upwards in the United Kingdom was 1.3 per cent. in 1881, 1.6 per cent. in 1891, and 2.1 per cent in 1901. In England and Wales the number of Workers on Railways increased in the last decennium by 89,564 or by as much as 48.2 per cent., in Scotland by 7,197 or 27.5 per cent., and in Ireland by 2,106 or 22.1 per cent.

The number employed on Seas, Rivers and Canals, increased from 171,995 in 1881 to 175,577 in 1891, and then fell to 162,223 in 1901, the decrease being 7.6 per cent. in the 10 years 1891-1901; this decrease was confined to England and Wales and to Ireland, for in Scotland a slight increase was recorded in the number engaged on the Seas.

While the number engaged on Seas, Rivers and Canals decreased in the United Kingdom in the last intercensal period, the number employed in Docks and Harbours increased from 50,649 in 1881 to 75,982 in 1891, or by 50.0 per cent., and further advanced to 115,627 in 1901, or by 52.2 per cent. in the decennium 1891-1901. Each division of the United Kingdom contributed to the increase in the number employed in Docks and Harbours, &c.

Textile Industries

Under the heading of Textile Industries are included the workers in Cotton and Flax, in Wool and Worsted, in Silk, in Hemp and in other fibrous materials, the Textile Dyers and Bleachers and the Drapers and other Dealers in Textile Fabrics; there were 602,553 males engaged in these industries in 1881, and in 1891 the number had increased to 640,332 or by 6.3 per cent.; in 1901, however, it had declined to 594,742, the decrease being 7.1 per cent. in the decennium 1891-1901. The proportion borne by the number engaged in the Textile Industries to the total male population of the United Kingdom aged ten years and upwards, which had been 4.8 per cent in 1881, fell to 4.6 per cent in 1891, and further fell to 3.8 per cent. in 1901. In England and Wales the decrease in the past decennium in the number engaged in these Industries was 26,840 or 5.2 per cent.; in Scotland it was 9,884 or 13.2 per cent., and in Ireland it was 8,866 or 19.1 per cent.

Turning to the most important sub-divisions in the Textile Trades, we find that the number of males engaged in Cotton Manufacture in England and Wales decreased in the 10 years 1891-1901 by 16,333, or by 7.7 per cent., those engaged in Wool and Worsted Manufacture by 19,566, or 18.2 per cent., and those engaged in Silk Manufacture by 5,855 or 36.1 per cent Textile Dyers and Bleachers increased by 11,837, or 29.9 per cent., while Drapers increased by 6,549 or by 10.8 per cent.

In Scotland the number of the males engaged in Wool and Worsted Manufacture decreased in the 10 years 1891-1901 by 4,957, or 34.9 per cent.; on the other hand those engaged in the manufacture of Hemp and Jute, &c., increased by 2,401, or 22.5 per cent., Drapers by 651, or 5.7 per cent., and a slight increase was recorded in the number of Textile Dyers and Bleachers.

In Ireland the number of the males engaged in Linen Manufacture decreased in the 10 years 1891-1901 by 7,013 or 23.2 per cent., and small declines were recorded in the numbers engaged in all other branches of the Textile Industries. The number of Drapers however, increased by 599 or 7.2 per cent.

Workers and Dealers in Dress

The male workers and dealers in Dress, comprising Tailors Clothiers Bootmakers, Hosiers and others engaged in the making or selling of armies of Dress, but excluding Drapers, increased from 435,685 in 1881 to 473,189 in 1891, or by 8.6 per cent The number further advanced to 492,149 in 1901, showing an increase of 4.0 per cent In England and Wales the number in this group of Occupations increased during 1891-1901 by 23,950, or by 6.1 per cent.; in Scotland by 745 or 1.7 per cent.; while in Ireland it declined by 5,705 or.15.3 per cent.

Occupations of Females.

Domestic Servants

An examination of the Tables giving the numbers of Females returned as engaged in definite occupations shows that Domestic Indoor Service stands first in order of numerical importance. The number returned under this heading increased from 1,595,678 in 1881 to 1,748,954 in 1891 or by 9.6 per cent.; in 1901, however, it had declined to 1,641,154, a decrease of 6.2 per cent. in the 10 years 1891-1901. In England and Wales the decline in the number of Domestic Servants in the decennium 1891-1901 was 55,3843 or 4.0 per cent.; in Scotland it was 21,186 or 12.8 per cent.; and in Ireland it was 31,230 or 15.8 per cent. The proportion of Domestic Servants to separate Occupiers or families was lowest in Scotland, where at the last Census there were only 14.9 Servants to every 100 Families. In Ireland the proportion was 18.3 per cent., and in England and Wales it was 18.9 per cent. While the number of Female Domestic Servants in the United Kingdom showed a considerable decrease in the past decennium, the numbers engaged in Washing Service and as Charwomen increased on the other hand by 7.5 per cent. and 9.1 per cent. respectively.

Workers and Dealers in Dress

The Female Workers and Dealers in Dress, comprising Dressmakers, Milliners, Shirtmakers, Seamstresses, Machinists, &c., but excluding Drapers, increased from 792,712 in 1881 to 881,647 in 1891, or by 11.2 per cent.; the number further rose to 903,646 in 1901 showing an increase in the last decennium of 2.5 per cent. In England and Wales the increase in the number employed in the ten years 1891-1901 was 25,972 or 3.8 per cent.; in Scotland it was 3,685 or 4.7 per cent., while there was in Ireland a decrease of 7,658 or 6.5 per cent.

Textile Industries

Under the heading of Textile Industries, including the "Workers in Cotton and Flax, in Wool and Worsted, in Silk and Hemp, and in other Fibrous materials, the Textile Dyers and Bleachers, and the Drapers and other dealers in Textile fabrics, 828,232 Females were enumerated in 1881. The number had increased to 879,529 in 1891, or by 6.2 percent.; in 1901, however, it had declined to 867,259, the decrease being 1.4 per cent. in the last decennium.

The proportion borne by the number of Females engaged in the Textile Industries to the total Female population of the United Kingdom aged 10 years and upwards, which had been 6.1 per cent. in 1881, fell to 5.9 per cent. in 1891, and further fell to 5.2 per cent. in 1901.

In England and Wales a slight increase occurred in the last decennium in the aggregate number of Females employed in these Industries; in the other Divisions of the Kingdom, however, the reverse was the case, a decrease in the number of 4,564 or 3.4 per cent. being recorded in Scotland, and of 11,386, or as much as 13.6 per cent., in Ireland.

Schoolmistresses

The Schoolmistresses Teachers, Lecturers, &c, increased from 146,014 in 1881 to 170,377 in 1891, or by 16.7 per cent.; the number further increased to 201,716 in 1901 or by 18.4 per cent. in the ten years 1891-1901. In England and Wales there was one Schoolmistress enumerated on the average for every 34 females at ages from 3 to 20 years; in Scotland there was one for every 47; in Ireland there was one for every 61. We are informed, however, that in Ireland there were upwards of 8,000 Nuns, most of whom were engaged in teaching; taking these into account the proportion of Teachers in that division of the United Kingdom would be raised to one in every 37 females at ages from 3 to 20 years.

In the above brief remarks we have attempted to notice only the most prominent industries; there are, however, very many important occupations or groups of occupations, other than those that have been alluded to, in which large numbers of Males and Females are employed. Those who desire further to study the Occupations of the people in the United Kingdom and in its three divisions are referred to Table 35 in Appendix A to this Report.

4. Birth-Places of the Population.

General composition of the Population

Of the 41,458,721 persons enumerated in 1901 in the United Kingdom, 40,871,473, or 98.58 per cent., were born within its limits, viz., 75.93 per cent. in England and Wales, 10.69 per cent. in Scotland and 11.96 per cent. in Ireland.

Of the remaining 587,248 persons, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands4 contributed 36,821 persons, or 0.09 per cent. of the entire population, the British Colonies and India 160,060 persons, or 0.39 per cent.; 4,532, or 0.01 per cent., were born at sea; whiles 385,835, or 0.93 per cent., were born in Foreign Countries.

The following summary shows the composition of the population in the United Kingdom at the date of the last Census, as well as comparative figures for the previous Census.

BIRTHPLACES of the POPULATION ENUMERATED in the UNITED KINGDOM, 1891 and 1901.

WHERE BORN. PERSONS ENUMERATED. PROPORTION PER 100,000
ENUMERATED.
1891. 1901. 1891. 1901.
Total enumerated Population of the United Kingdom 37,732,922 41,458,721 100,000 100,000
         
Born in—        
  England and Wales4 28,068,197 31,480,203 74,386 75,931
  Scotland 3,998,294 4,432,694 10,596 10,692
  Ireland 5,234,505 4,958,576 13,873 11,960
         
  United Kingdom 37,300,996 40,871,473 98,855 98,583
  Other Parts 431,926 587,248 1,145 1,417
         
Born in—        
  Islands in the British Seas4 31,297 36,821 83 89
  British Colonies and India 133,664 160,060 354 386
  Ships at Sea 4,968 4,532 13 11
  Foreign Countries 261,997 385,835 695 931

Comparing the figures for 1901 with those for 1891, it will be seen from the above Table, that, of the total population enumerated in the United Kingdom, the proportion born outside its limits increased considerably during the intercensal period.

Of the 385,835 persons who were born in foreign countries and enumerated in the United Kingdom in 1901, a considerable number were British subjects; it is, however, impossible to state the total number of these as the number in Ireland has not been ascertained. There were, however, in England and Wales 91,678, and in Scotland 12,204,. persons who, though born in foreign countries, were either of British parentage or else had become British subjects by naturalisation.

5. Physical Infirmities.

The total number of persons returned on the Census Schedules as afflicted by blindness in the United Kingdom in 1901 was 32,823, of whom 16,935 were males and 15,888 were females. The proportion of blind persons in a million of the population was 792, equivalent to one in every 1,263 persons enumerated. Among males and females the proportions of blind to a million living were 842 and 744 respectively; thus one in every 1,187 males was blind, but only one in every 1,344 females. An account of those suffering from this infirmity was taken for the first time in the year 1851; in order to show the proportionate decrease in the numbers of the blind during the past 50 years, the following Table giving the numbers and proportions in the United Kingdom and in its several divisions at the past six Censuses has been constructed:—

Year. The number of Blind persons
enumerated.
The number of Blind per million of
population.
United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland.5 United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland.5
1851 28,903 18,306 3,010 7,587 1,056 1,021 1,042 1,158
1861 29,051 19,352 2,820 6,879 1,004 964 921 1,186
1871 30,956 21,590 3,019 6,347 983 951 899 1,173
1881 32,101 22,832 3,158 6,111 920 879 845 1,181
1891 31,605 23,467 2,797 5,341 838 809 695 1,135
1901 32,823 25,317 3,253 4,253 792 778 727 954

Diminished proportion of Blindness

The proportion of the blind in a million persons living in the United Kingdom fell in the successive Censuses uninterruptedly from 1,056 in 1851 to 792 in 1901, showing a relative decline during the past 50 years of 25 per cent. Stated in another way, in 1851 there was an average of one blind person in every 947 persons enumerated, whereas in 1901 there was only one blind person in every 1,263 of the population.

Blindness in England and Wales, in Scotland and in Ireland

While the proportion of blind persons in England and Wales has continuously fallen, Census by Census, the proportion enumerated in Scotland somewhat increased during the past decennium. In Ireland,5 however, where before 1891 there had been but slight differences in the proportions, between 1891 and 1901 a marked fall took place both in the number and in the proportion of the blind to population.

Comparing the proportions of the blind in 1901 to the total population, it will be seen from the foregoing Table, that there were 778 persons so afflicted in a million of the population in England and Wales, in Scotland the proportion was 727 per million, while in Ireland it was as high as 954 per million.

Blindness in relation to Sex and Age

In each division of the United Kingdom, the proportion of blind males in 1901 exceeded the proportion of blind females. The male proportions, per million living were, 835 England and Wales, 766 in Scotland, and 970 in Ireland, while among the females the proportions were 725, 690 and 939 respectively.

The following Table gives for each sex the proportions of the blind at successive age periods per million living of corresponding age and sex in the United Kingdom and in each of its three divisions.

AGES. UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND AND
WALES.
SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
All Ages 842 744 835 725 766 690 970 939
                 
Under 15 years 215 173 236 187 187 160 89 77
15— 368 283 394 296 358 312 201 166
25— 521 378 535 382 518 351 424 375
35— 861 542 857 530 899 570 847 615
45— 1,366 977 1,320 920 1,444 979 1,625 1,370
55— 2,345 1,827 2,333 1,731 2,014 1,481 2,648 2,654
65— 4,325 3,858 4,187 3,825 4,313 3,241 5,016 4,639
75— 8,219 8,763 8,546 8,907 6,266 7,034 7,932 9,462
85 and upwards 16,472 17,854 17,806 18,868 17,155 18,045 13,030 13,966

It is interesting to observe, that, compared with England and Wales, and Scotland, the proportions returned as blind in each sex in Ireland were considerably lower in the age groups under 25 years, and considerably higher in the age groups 45-75 years. In each division of the United Kingdom the proportion of the blind in each sex increased gradually, though with some irregularity, with the advance of age; further, at each age period, excepting the last two, and at ages 55-65 in Ireland, the male proportion is considerably higher than the female proportion. That the female rate is exceptionally higher than the male rate in the age periods 75-85 years and 85 years and upwards may perhaps be explained, in part, by there being more extremely old persons among females than among males.

The Deaf and Dumb

The total number of persons returned on the Census Schedules as deaf and dumb, and dumb only in the United Kingdom in 1901 was 21,855, of whom 11,852 were males, and 10,003 were females. The proportion of persons suffering from this infirmity was 527 in a million of the population or one in every 1897 persons enumerated. Among males and females the proportions in a million living were 590 and 468 respectively; thus one in every 1,696 males was so afflicted, but only one in every 2,135 females.

The number and proportion to population of deaf and dumb persons in the United Kingdom and in each of its three divisions from 1851 to 1901 are given in the following Table:—

Year. The number of Deaf and Dumb
persons enumerated.
The number of Deaf and Dumb
per million of population.
United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland. United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland.
1851 17,649 10,314 2,155 5,180 645 575 746 791
1861 20,224 12,236 2,335 5,653 699 610 763 975
1871 19,159 11,518 2,087 5,554 609 507 621 1,026
1881 20,573 13,295 2,142 5,136 590 512 573 992
1891 20,781 14,192 2,125 4,464 551 489 528 949
1901 21,855 15,246 2,638 3,971 527 469 590 891

Diminished proportion of the Deaf and Dumb

The proportion of deaf and dumb in a million persons living in the United Kingdom was 645 in 1851, it rose to 699 in 1861 and then fell, Census by Census, to 527 in 1901. Thus, in 1851 there was an average of one deaf and dumb person in every 1,551 persons. enumerated, whereas in 1901 there was only one deaf and dumb person in every 1,897 of the population.

Deaf and Dumb in England & Wales, in Scotland, and in Ireland

The proportion of deaf and dumb persons in a million of the population in England and Wales was 575 in 1851, it rose to 610 in 1861 and then fell, with slight fluctuations, to 469 in 1901. In Scotland the proportion was 746 in 1851, it rose to 763 in 1861 and then fell continuously to 528 in 1891, rising again to 590 in 1901. At each of the last six Censuses the proportion of these afflicted persons was higher in Ireland than in England and Wales, or in Scotland; according to the Irish Census Reports the proportion of deaf and dumb persons in a million of the population was 791 in 1851, it rose to 1,026 in 1871 and then fell at each successive Census to 891 in 1901.

Comparing the proportions of the deaf and dumb in 1901 to the total population, we find that, while in England and Wales there were only 469 persons so afflicted in a million of the population, in Scotland the proportion was 590, and in Ireland it was as high as 891 per million.

Sex and Age Distribution of the Deaf and Dumb

In each division of the United Kingdom the proportion of deaf and dumb males considerably exceeded the proportion of deaf and dumb females. The male proportions per million living in 1901 were 524 in England and Wales, 649 in Scotland, and 1,000 in Ireland, while the proportions of females were 417, 534, and 784 respectively.

The following Table gives for each sex the proportion of the deaf and dumb at. successive age periods, per million living of corresponding age and sex, in the United Kingdom and in each of its three divisions.

AGES. UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND AND
WALES.
SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
All Ages 590 468 524 417 649 534 1,000 784
                 
0— 427 333 386 297 513 445 649 496
15— 690 527 622 473 672 566 1,174 872
25— 664 512 586 453 746 586 1,181 914
35— 641 547 564 480 712 588 1,206 1,060
45— 696 567 607 517 749 547 1,291 936
55— 689 531 617 475 677 611 1,088 780
65— 671 478 569 413 980 559 976 814
75— 475 499 387 452 727 484 709 780
85 and upwards 460 744 334 524 357 1,251 798 1,214

From the above Table it will be seen that the proportions of the deaf and dumb, in each sex and in each age period, were, with slight-exceptions at the later age periods, higher in Ireland than in Scotland, and that in both these divisions of the United Kingdom the proportions were considerably higher than in England and Wales.

The Mentally Deranged

The total number of persons returned on the Census Schedules as suffering from one or other form of mental derangement in the United Kingdom in 1901 was 177,995, of whom 84,936 were males and 93,059 were females. The proportion of the mentally deranged was 4,293 in a million of the population, or one in every 233 persons enumerated. Among males and females the proportions per million living were 4,225 and 4,357 respectively; thus one in every 237 males was returned as mentally deranged and one in every 229 females.

The Census of 1871 was the first in which an account was taken in all three divisions of the United Kingdom of persons suffering from mental infirmity; the following Table gives their numbers and the proportions to total population for that and for each succeeding Census:—

Year. The number of Mentally Deranged
persons enumerated.
The number of Mentally Deranged
per million of population.
United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland. United
Kingdom.
England. Scotland. Ireland.
1871 96,937 69,019 11,413 16,505 3,079 3,039 3,397 3,049
1881 117,313 84,503 14,397 18,413 3,363 3,253 3,854 3,558
1891 134,033 97,383 15,462 21,188 3,552 3,358 3,841 4,504
1901 177,995 132,654 20,291 25,050 4,293 4,078 4,537 5,618

In England and Wales and in Scotland the proportions returned as mentally deranged per million living at the last Census were 4,078 and 4,537 respectively. The increase in proportion to population in England and Wales, which had been no more than 3.2 per cent. in the 10 years 1881-91, rose to 21.4 per cent. in the following decennium; and in Scotland, where there had been a slight relative decrease in 1881-91, the relative increase in 1891-1901 was 18.1 per cent. It has been observed in an earlier section of this Report (see pp. 155-60) that the marked increase in the numbers of the insane in England and Wales in the past decennium is due in great measure to the substitution, on the Occupier's Schedule, of the words "Feeble Minded" for "Idiot," and this observation applies equally to Scotland; in Ireland, however, where no change of this kind occurred the proportion of the mentally deranged per million living in 1901 was as high as 5,618, but the increase in the proportion of these afflicted persons which had been 26.6 per cent. in the decennium 1881-91 fell to 24.7 per cent. in the following 10 years.

Mental Derangement in relation to Sex and Age

In England and Wales the proportion of the mentally deranged females exceeded that of males, and such was the case to a less extent in Scotland; the opposite was, however, the case in Ireland, where there were 5,981 insane males and only 5,264 insane females per million living of the respective sexes.

The following Table gives for each sex the proportion of the mentally deranged at successive age periods per million living of corresponding age and sex, in the United Kingdom and in each of its three divisions.

AGES. UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND AND
WALES.
SCOTLAND. IRELAND.
Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
All Ages 4,225 4,357 3,946 4,202 4,469 4,602 5,981 5,264
                 
 0— 698 527 715 542 778 629 479 291
15— 2,718 2,132 2,673 2,122 2,764 2,167 2,985 2,165
25— 5,123 4,193 4,562 3,954 5,511 4,120 9,069 6,252
35— 7,319 7,081 6,521 6,686 8,323 7,519 12,832 9,876
45— 8,642 9,499 7,899 9,076 10,046 10,627 12,655 11,371
55— 9,441 11,054 8,952 10,826 10,613 12,120 11,224 11,494
65— 10,107 12,241 10,147 12,161 10,349 13,271 9,751 11,792
75— 10,176 13,531 11,342 14,495 7,810 12,501 6,487 8,908
85 and upwards 10,357 15,916 13,744 17,852 7,863 14,293 3,191 9,837

England and Wales the proportion of the mentally deranged in each sex increased at each successive age period; this was also the case in Scotland up to 65 years of age; in Ireland, however, a gradual decrease occurred in the proportion among males in the last five age groups, while among females the proportions at these age groups' were irregular.

The proportions of the mentally deranged in each sex and in each age period up to 75 years were higher in Scotland than in England and Wales. In Ireland, however, while the proportions of adults aged 15 to 55 years were considerably higher, the proportions of children under 15 years and of old people 65 years and upwards were considerably lower, than in England and Wales or in Scotland.

6. Institutions.

Number of indoor Paupers

There were enumerated on Census Day in the United Kingdom 264,922 persons, or 6,390 per million living, who were inmates of Workhouses. Workhouse Infirmaries, and Workhouse Schools; as compared with 228,550, or 6,057 per million, in 1891; there was thus a relative increase in the past decennium of 5.5 per cent. in the number of .persons in receipt of indoor relief.

The proportion of persons enumerated in Workhouse Establishments per million living was no less than 9,654 in Ireland, and 6,415 in England and Wales, while in Scotland it was as low as 2,958.

Inmates of Hospitals

The total number of patients in Hospitals in the United Kingdom at the date of the Census was 54,246, being in the proportion of 1,308 per million of the population; in 1891 the proportion had been 991, the relative increase in the intercensal period being 32.0 per cent. The proportion per million was highest in Scotland where it reached 1,775, it was 1,292 in England and Wales-and as low as 960 in Ireland.

Inmates of Lunatic Asylums

Of the 177,995 persons returned in the United Kingdom at the Census as suffering from one or other form of mental derangement, 119,770, or 67 per cent., were inmates Of Asylums; in 1891 the inmates of Asylums numbered 91,112, or 68 per cent. of the mentally deranged.

Inmates of Prisons

There were enumerated at the Census 22,357 persons who were inmates of Prisons, and 33,656 persons who were inmates of certified Reformatories and Industrial Schools, making together a total of 56,019 persons, or 1,351 per million of the population, who were under detention. The proportion of such persons to the total population in 1891 was 1,464 per million living. In the three divisions of the United Kingdom the proportion of inmates of Prisons to the total population was approximately the same, ranging from 531 to 561 per million: the proportion of the population who were inmates of Reformatories and Industrial Schools varied, however, considerably.; for, while it was only 592 per million in England and Wales, it was 1,167 per million in Scotland and was as high as 2,062 per million in Ireland.

The subjoined Table shows for the United Kingdom and its three divisions, the number of special inmates in 1901, and their proportion to a million living, in Workhouse Establishments, in Hospitals, in Lunatic Asylums, in Prisons and in Certified Reformatory and Industrial Schools:—

Number of Special Inmates, 1901. Proportion per Million of Total Population.
United
Kingdom.
England
and
Wales.
Scotland. Ireland. United
Kingdom.
England
and
Wales.
Scotland. Ireland.
Workhouses (including Workhouse Infirmaries and Schools). 264,922* 208,650* 13,229* 43,043* 6,390 6,415 2,958 9,654
Hospitals 54,246 42,026 7,940 4,280 1,308 1,292 1,775 960
Lunatic Asylums 119,770 90,658 11,762§ 17,350|| 2,889 2,787 2,630 3,891
Prisons 22,357** 17,480** 2,510** 2,367** 539 537 561 531
Certified Reformatories and Industrial Schools. 33,656 19,245 5,217 9,194 812 592 1,167 2,062
* Including insane inmates of Workhouse Establishments.
Including inmates of the Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospitals.
Including 81 insane inmates of Netley Hospital, and 170 inmates of the Royal Naval Lunatic Hospital. Yarmouth; but excluding 14,972 insane inmates of Workhouse Establishments, and 109 insane inmates of H.M. Prison, Parkhurst.
§ Excluding 1,432 insane inmates in Lunatic Wards of Poorhouses.
|| Excluding 3,832 insane inmates of Workhouse Establishments.
** Excluding "inmates of Police Stations and Cells.

7. Natives of the United Kingdom Abroad at the date of the Census.

In most of those Countries in which regular Censuses are taken, it has been possible to obtain presumably accurate returns of the numbers of natives of the United Kingdom who were living out of the Country at the date of the Census, but in Countries in which no such systematic enumerations of the people are made we are dependent on more or less approximate estimates given in Consular and other returns.

There were, according to these returns, approximately 4,630,000 natives of the United Kingdom residing outside its limits, at or about the date of the Census of 1901. Of this number nearly three millions were enumerated in Foreign Countries and about 1,674,0006 in British Colonies and Dependencies. If to these numbers we add the 40,871,473 persons both born and enumerated in the United Kingdom, we arrive at an approximate grand total of forty-five and a half millions of persons born in the United Kingdom and alive at or about the date of the Census of 1901.

It will be as well to repeat that of the total population enumerated in the United Kingdom, 385,835 persons were born in Foreign Countries; on the other hand the Natives of the United Kingdom, who, at the date of the Census, were residing in Foreign States, as already stated, numbered approximately three millions. A reference to Tables 57 and 58 in Appendix A shows that, of this number, nearly 2,800,000 were enumerated in the United States of America and a further 35,000 were estimated to be residing in other American States, over 92,000 were residing in Europe, 5,000 in Asia, and over 4,000 in Africa.

The following brief Table gives a list of those Foreign States in which the numbers of our Countrymen exceeded 2,000 at, or about, the date of the last Census.

FOREIGN STATE. NATIVES OF THE UNITED
KINGDOM, ENUMERATED
OR ESTIMATED.
  FOREIGN STATE. NATIVES OF THE UNITED
KINGDOM, ENUMERATED
OR ESTIMATED.
United States 2,791,403   Belgium 5,096
France 34,892   Switzerland 3,898
Argentina 26,849   Chili 3,636
German Empire 16,793   Austria and Hungary 3,480
Italy 8,768   China 3,287
Spain 7,759   Egypt 2,766
Russian Empire 5,235   Portugal 2,278

Of the 1,674,000 natives of the United Kingdom residing in British Colonies, Dependencies or Protectorates (including in nearly all cases the Army, Navy, Marines, and Merchant Seamen who were serving there at the date of the Census), nearly 900,000 were resident in Australasia, 390,000 in the Dominion of Canada, about 220,0006 in Africa, about 97,000 in our Indian Possessions and about 32,000 in Gibraltar and Malta (see Table 62 in Appendix A).


1 Irish Census Report, Part II., p. 73.

2 See remarks on pages 76 and 77.

3 Part of the increase in 1881-1891, and of the decrease in 1891-1901, may be accounted for by the inclusion, in 1891, under the heading Domestic Servant, of the daughters of Occupiers who were described as engaged in Domestic duties. See page 76.

4 Natives of the Islands in the British Seas, enumerated in Ireland, were classified as natives of England and Wales.

5 "During the three years preceding December, 1851, no less than 86,959 cases of epidemic Ophthalmia were treated in the Irish Workhouses." See General Report, Census of Ireland, 1901, page 34.

6 Owing to the war in South Africa the Census in those parts of His Majesty's Dominions was postponed until 1904, the above number includes an estimate of natives of the United Kingdom (Military and Civilian) who were in South Africa at the date of the Census in 1901.

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