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CENSUS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.
FOR THE YEAR 1871.




GENERAL REPORT.






VOL. IV.



Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.




LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.

1873.

[C.—872.—I.] Price 4s. 8d.


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


REPORT.

  Page
INTRODUCTION:  
  An Imperial Census vii
  Population of the Empire vii
  Growth of the Empire viii
  The United Kingdom ix
  Territorial Divisions of the Kingdom ix
 
ENGLAND AND WALES.
The Enumeration of 1871 x
Defects of the Census x
English People Abroad x
Population in 1871 x

I.—POPULATION.

1.
Sex and Age of the Population 		x
  Numbers of the Sexes at certain Age-periods x
  Centenarians x
  Erroneous statements of Age corrected xi
  Age-periods xi
  Infants and Adults xii
  Varro's Stages of Life xii
  The School Age xii
  The Recruiting Age xii
  Survivors of previous Censuses xii
  Factors of Population xii

2.
Mean Age of the Population 		xii

3.
Successive Numbers in a Generation enumerated 		xiii
  Decrements of the English Population xiv

4.
Probable Number of People living in 1881 		xiv

5.
Actual Increase of Population 		xv

6.
Possible Increase or Decrease of Population 		xv
  Movement of Population xv
  Deaths xv
  Births xv
  Women of Child-bearing Ages xv
  Over Population xvi
  French and English Birth Rates xvi
  Malthus's Doctrine xvi

7.
Conjugal Condition of the Population 		xvii
  Age at Marriage xvii
  Mean Age at Marriage in England xvii
  Mean Age at Marriage in France (1866) xvii
  Duration of Married Life xviii
  Marriages Dissolved xviii
  Effect of any great alteration in the Age of Marriage xix
  Married Couples in 1871 xix
  Conjugal Condition of the French Population (1866) xix
  Conjugal Condition of the English Population (1871) xix
  Disparities of Age at Marriage xx
  Modes of Marriage xx

8.
Families 		xx
  Definition of "Family" xx
  Composition of Families xxi
  Families to a House xxi
  Persons to a Family xxi

9.
Migration.—Birthplaces of the People 		xxi
  Migration xxi
  Birthplace xxii
  Persons born out of England xxii
  Foreigners xxii
  Immigration xxii
  Birthplaces of the Inhabitants of London xxii
  Birthplaces of the Inhabitants of Lancashire and Cheshire xxiii

10.
Balance of the Population 		xxiii
  Population Registers xxiii
  Exceptional Increase of Population 1861-71 xxiii
  Emigrants and Immigrants xxiii
  Balance Sheets of the Population xxiv
  Balance of the Population 1851-61 xxiv
  Balance of the Population 1861-71 xxiv
  Emigrants to America xxv

11.
Density of Population 		xxv
  Distribution of Population xxv
  Population in 1600 xxv
  Density in Divisions and Counties xxvi
  Area, Population, and Density in the Eleven Divisions, in 1600, 1700, 1801, 1871 xxvi
  Culture of Herefordshire and Lincolnshire xxvii

12.
Proximity of Population 		xxviii
  Nearness of People to each other xxviii
  Mean Distance from House to House xxviii
 
II.—TERRITORIAL SUB-DIVISIONS.

1.
Houses 		xxix
  Classification of Structures xxix
  Census definition of a "House" xxix
  Inhabited Houses xxix
  Annual Value of Houses xxix
  Aggregate Value of Houses xxx
  Houses "building" xxx
  Houses decaying xxx

2.
Cities and Towns 		xxxi
  Rise of Towns and Cities xxxi
  Town Administration xxxi
  Increase of Town Populations xxxi
  Largest Cities and Towns xxxii
  Smaller Towns xxxii
  Urban and Rural Population xxxii
  Area of Towns xxxii
  Unoccupied Area in Towns xxxii

3.
Municipal Boroughs 		xxxiii

4.
Parliamentary Boroughs 		xxxiii

5.
Towns in Two Counties 		xxxiii

6.
Cities and Towns which are Counties of themselves 		xxxiii

7.
Six Classes of Towns 		xxxiv
  The Metropolis xxxiv
  County and Assize Towns xxxiv
  Watering Places xxxiv
  Seaports xxxiv
  Manufacturing Towns: Textile Fabrics xxxiv
  Manufacturing Towns: Minerals and Chemicals xxxiv

8.
Counties 		xxxiv
  Original Constitution of Counties xxxiv
  Variable Size of Counties xxxv
  Alteration of County Boundaries xxxvi

9.
Parliamentary Divisions of Counties 		xxxvi
  Territorial Sub-divisions of Counties xxxviii

10.
Union or Registration Counties 		xxxvii
  Formation of Union Counties in 1834 xxxvii
  Registration Counties xxxvii
  Differences between Registration Counties and Counties Proper xxxvii

11.
The Eleven Divisions of England and Wales 		xxxviii
 
III.—OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

1.
Classification of Occupations 		xxxviii
  Inquiry in 1801 xxxviii
  Inquiries in 1811-21-31 xxxix
  Inquiry in 1841 xxxix
  Extension of Inquiries in 1851-61-71 xxxix
  Methods of Classification xxxix
  Occupation Returns in France xxxix
  Classification of 1871 xl

2.
The Classes, Orders, and Sub-Orders of the Abstracts 		xl
I. Professional Class xl
  The Army xl
  Conjugal Condition of the Army and Navy xl
II. Domestic Class xli
  Wives xli
  Occupations of Women in 1851 and 1871 xli
  Domestic Servants xlii
III. Commercial Class xliii
IV. Agricultural Class xliii
  Farmers xliv
  Agricultural Labourers xliv
  Farmers, Size of their Farms, and Labourers employed, in 17 Counties xliv-xiviii
  Density of Live Stock and of Population xlix
V. Industrial Class xlix
  Factory Returns and the Census Returns li
  Miners lii
VI. Indefinite and Non-Productive Class liii
  Children, Scholars liv
 
IV.—THE BLIND, DEAF AND DUMB, IDIOTS OR IMBECILES, LUNATICS, AND INMATES OF HOSPITALS, WORKHOUSES, AND PRISONS.

1.
The Blind 		liv
  Number of the Blind liv
  Distribution of the Blind lv
  Sexes of the Blind lv
  Ages of the Blind lvi
  The Blind from Birth lvi
  Causes of Blindness lvii
  Occupations of the Blind lvii
  Institutions for the Blind lviii
  The Blind in Workhouses, Hospitals, &c. lix

2.
The Deaf-and-Dumb 		lix
  Number of the Deaf-and-Dumb lix
  Distribution of Deaf-Mutes lx
  Ages of the Deaf-and-Dumb lx
  Occupations of the Deaf-and-Dumb lx
  Institutions for the Deaf-and-Dumb lxi
  Congenital Deafness lxii
  Deaf-Mutes in Workhouses lxiii
  Deaf-and-Dumb and Blind lxiii

3.
Idiots or Imbeciles 		lxiii
  Number of Idiots or Imbeciles lxiii
  Institutions for Idiots lxiii
  Ages of Idiots and Imbeciles lxiv
  Causes of Idiocy lxiv

4.
Lunatics 		lxiv
  Number of the Insane lxiv
  Supposed Increase in Insanity not established lxv
  Official Return of Insane Paupers lxv
  Return of Commissioners in Lunacy lxv
  Local Distribution of the Insane lxvi
  Sex and Ages of the Insane lxvi
  Insanity not the result of Civilization lxvii
  Some of the Causes of Insanity lxvii
  Numbers and Proportions of the Blind, Deaf-and-Dumb, Idiots or Imbeciles, and Lunatics—at different Ages lxvii

5.
Patients in Hospitals 		lxviii
  Hospital accommodation lxviii
  Number of In-Patients lxviii
  Ages of the Sick in Hospitals lxviii

6.
Paupers in Workhouses 		lxviii
  Extent of provision for the Poor lxviii
  Number of In-door Paupers lxix
  Ages of In-door Paupers lxix
  Official Return of Paupers and of Expenditure in Poor Relief lxix

7.
Prisoners 		lxx
  Number of Persons confined in Prisons lxx
  Reformatory Schools lxx
  Industrial Schools lxxi
  The Criminal Classes lxxi
 
TERRITORIAL SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Confusion of Territorial Sub-divisions lxxi
Territorial Sub-divisions of India lxxi
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Population in 1871 lxxii
Disparity of the Sexes lxxii
Persons to a House lxxii
Increase of Population lxxii
Increase of Geometrical Ratio lxxiii
Density of Population lxxiii
 
ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS.
Isle of Man lxxiv
Island of Jersey lxxiv
Guernsey and Adjacent Islands lxxiv
Islands in British Seas lxxiv
  Excess of Women lxxv
  Civil condition of Women lxxv
  Occupations lxxv
  Birthplaces lxxv
  Blind, Deaf-and-Dumb, Insane, &c. lxxv
 
COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES.
Colonial Censuses lxxvi
Heligoland, Gibraltar, Malta lxxvi
North America: Canada lxxvi
West Indies and Central America lxxvii
Africa lxxvii
India lxxviii
  Indian Villages and Cities lxxviii
  Density of Population in India lxxix
Ceylon and Straits Settlements lxxx
Australasia lxxx
  Western Australia lxxx
  Victoria lxxx
  New South Wales lxxx
  Queensland lxxxi
  Van Dieman's Land lxxxi
  New Zealand lxxxi
 
THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
Area of the Empire lxxxi
Density of Population lxxxi
Tabular Statement of Area, Houses, Population, and Density of Population lxxxii
 
CONCLUSION.
Acknowledgment of Assistance rendered by various Public Departments, &c. lxxxiii
The Census Office Staff lxxxiii
 
APPENDIX.
Table of Contents lxxxv

1871 Census of England and Wales, General Report (1873 lxxi, Part II (C.872-I) 1),

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